•••Concrete mixer image by zalisa from Fotolia.com
By Kristen Marquette
Used in all types of construction from foundations to garden walls to countertop, concrete is a simple and basic mixture of aggregates and paste. The aggregates used in creating concrete are sand and gravel while the paste consists of water and cement. To establish your concrete’s consistency, air content and strength, you can conduct concrete tests on different types of concrete.
Slump Test
The consistency of the concrete determines how well the concrete will pour, handle and compact. The measurement used to gauge the consistency of concrete is called slump. Problems with consolidation and mortar loss can occur if your slump is too low (runny) or too high (thick). To perform the slump test, take a sample of your recently mixed concrete and pack it into a cone 2 inches high, 8 inches wide at the bottom of the cone and 4 inches at the top which must be open. Level the concrete at the top rim of the cone then lift it so the bottom of the cone remains unsupported. The distance between the top of the cone top and the level the concrete settles at gives you your slump. Compare this number with the slump value on the package your concrete mixture came in to find out if your concrete contains good consistency.
Air Content Test
The air content of concrete determines how it will fare when frozen by cold weather then thawed by warmer weather. Since air is lost during transportation, consolidation, placement and finishing, the air content test only tells you the air amount in recently mixed concrete. There are three different devices for performing this test. The pressure type B meter applies pressure to a sample of your concrete to condense the entrained air; it then uses the change in air to determine the air content of the concrete. You can also use a volumetric air meter. This device removes air from a determined volume of concrete. You can compare the new volume of the sample to the rest of your concrete to determine air content. Finally you can use an air indicator kit. Place a sample of concrete into the provided vial, then add alcohol. The change in the alcohol level indicates the concrete’s air content.
Compressive Strength Test
Compression test lets you know the strength of your concrete once it hardens. The compressive strength test is performed by assessing the force needed to break concrete cylinders in varying levels of hardness. When using concrete for buildings or other structures, the compressive strength of the concrete must comply with the Building Code Requirement for Reinforced Concrete.
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In destructive testing (or destructive physical analysis, DPA) tests are carried out to the specimen's failure, in order to understand a specimen's performance or material behavior under different loads. These tests are generally much easier to carry out, yield more information, and are easier to interpret than nondestructive testing. Destructive testing is most suitable, and economic, for objects which will be mass-produced, as the cost of destroying a small number of specimens is negligible. It is usually not economical to do destructive testing where only one or very few items are to be produced (for example, in the case of a building). Analyzing and documenting the destructive failure mode is often accomplished using a high-speed camera recording continuously (movie-loop) until the failure is detected. Detecting the failure can be accomplished using a sound detector or stress gauge which produces a signal to trigger the high-speed camera. These high-speed cameras have advanced recording modes to capture almost any type of destructive failure.[1] After the failure the high-speed camera will stop recording. The captured images can be played back in slow motion showing precisely what happens before, during and after the destructive event, image by image.
- 1Methods and techniques
Methods and techniques[edit]
Testing of large structures[edit]
Snapshot from shake-table video of a 6-story non-ductile concrete building
Building structures or large nonbuilding structures (such as dams and bridges) are rarely subjected to destructive testing due to the prohibitive cost of constructing a building, or a scale model of a building, just to destroy it.
Earthquake engineering requires a good understanding of how structures will perform at earthquakes. Destructive tests are more frequently carried out for structures which are to be constructed in earthquake zones. Such tests are sometimes referred to as crash tests, and they are carried out to verify the designed seismic performance of a new building, or the actual performance of an existing building. The tests are, mostly, carried out on a platform called a shake-table which is designed to shake in the same manner as an earthquake. Results of those tests often include the corresponding shake-table videos.
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Testing of structures in earthquakes is increasingly done by modelling the structure using specialist finite element software.
Software testing[edit]
Destructive software testing is a type of software testing which attempts to cause a piece of software to fail in an uncontrolled manner, in order to test its robustness.
Automotive testing[edit]
Oblique frontal crash test of a Dodge Dart.
Automobiles are subject to crash testing by both automobile manufactures and a variety of agencies.
Aircraft testing[edit]
NASA air safety experiment Controlled Impact Demonstration. The airplane is a Boeing 720 testing a form of jet fuel, known as 'antimisting kerosene', which formed a difficult-to-ignite gel when agitated violently, as in a crash.
There has also been extensive destructive testing of passenger and military aircraft, conducted by aircraft manufacturers and organizations like NASA. The 2012 Boeing 727 crash experiment was conducted and filmed by the Discovery channel.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Bridges, Andrew. 'Video imaging puts high-speed production line/automation faultfinding into tiny camera heads'. APPLIANCE Magazine. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Destructive_testing&oldid=903608755'
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not.
Testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing requirements in contrary to the actual requirements.
This tutorial will give you a basic understanding on software testing, its types, methods, levels, and other related terminologies.
This tutorial is designed for software testing professionals who would like to understand the Testing Framework in detail along with its types, methods, and levels. This tutorial provides enough ingredients to start with the software testing process from where you can take yourself to higher levels of expertise.
Before proceeding with this tutorial, you should have a basic understanding of the software development life cycle (SDLC). In addition, you should have a basic understanding of software programming using any programming language.
To tackle a do-it-yourself plumbing project, you need to know how to recognize different types of pipes. Recognizing the different types of pipes within your house is vital to knowing the right repair technique.
The most common pipes used today are copper, PVC, or ABS. However, when dealing with older homes, you might encounter a number of other piping material. Path of pain hollow knight. For example, homes built before 1960 used galvanized steel or cast iron DWV (drain/waste/vent) pipe systems.
Here’s a quick look at types of pipes commonly used in homes, beginning with the pipes used for DWV systems.
- Cast iron: Commonly used before 1960 for the vertical drain, vent stacks, and sometimes the horizontal drain lines. Cast iron is durable, but can rust over time. Call a professional plumber to replace rusted sections with plastic (PVC or ABS) and the correct transition fittings.
- Plastic: Plastic pipe comes as either ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) or PVC (polyvinyl-chloride). Most homes since mid-1970 have plastic pipes and fittings because it’s inexpensive and easy to use. Simply glue the joints using a primer and liquid cement.
- ABS: This black pipe was the first plastic pipe to be used in residential plumbing. Today, many areas don’t allow ABS in new construction because joints can come loose. Check with your local plumbing inspector if you want to use ABS.
- PVC: This white or cream-colored pipe is the most commonly used pipe for drain lines. It’s strong, untouchable by chemicals, and seems to last forever! The rating and diameter is stamped right on the pipe.
- Schedule 40 PVC is strong enough for residential drain lines, but check with your plumbing inspector first. CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) pipe has the strength of PVC but is heat-resistant, which makes it acceptable in many regions for use on interior supply lines. Schedule 80 PVC is sometimes used for cold-water supply lines, but it isn’t allowed in some regions because it isn’t suitable for hot water.Do-it-yourselfers can handle ABS or PVC pipes, but call a professional for cast iron.
- PEX: PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) is the newest pipe for residential use. Approved in many regions of the country, PEX is easy to install because it cuts easily, is flexible, and uses compression fittings. However, more permanent connections require a special crimping tool. PEX is three to four times more expensive than copper or plastic.
- Steel: Galvanized steel pipe is common in older homes. Galvanized pipe is strong, but lasts only about 50 years. Before repairing, consider replacing instead. Call a professional to deal with it.
- Copper: Copper pipe is resists corrosion, so it’s commonly used pipe in water supply lines. It costs more than plastic but it lasts! There are two common types of copper pipe:
- Rigid copper, which comes in three thicknesses. Type M is the thinnest but is strong enough for most homes. Types L and Type K are thicker and used in outdoor and drain applications. To cut rigid copper, you’ll need a wheel cutter, tube cutter, or a hacksaw. Pipes are usually connected with soldered (sweat) fittings and compression fittings can connect the pipe to shut-off valves.
- Flexible copper, which is often used for dishwashers, refrigerator icemakers, and other appliances that need a water supply. It’s easy to bend, but if it kinks, you must cut the piece off and replace it. Sections of flexible copper pipe are joined using either soldered or compression fittings.Consider longevity and expense when choosing piping.
This section describes the different types of testing that may be used to test a software during SDLC.
Manual Testing
Manual testing includes testing a software manually, i.e., without using any automated tool or any script. In this type, the tester takes over the role of an end-user and tests the software to identify any unexpected behavior or bug. There are different stages for manual testing such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing.
Testers use test plans, test cases, or test scenarios to test a software to ensure the completeness of testing. Manual testing also includes exploratory testing, as testers explore the software to identify errors in it. Baseball games free download.
Automation Testing
Automation testing, which is also known as Test Automation, is when the tester writes scripts and uses another software to test the product. This process involves automation of a manual process. Automation Testing is used to re-run the test scenarios that were performed manually, quickly, and repeatedly.
Apart from regression testing, automation testing is also used to test the application from load, performance, and stress point of view. It increases the test coverage, improves accuracy, and saves time and money in comparison to manual testing.
What to Automate?
It is not possible to automate everything in a software. The areas at which a user can make transactions such as the login form or registration forms, any area where large number of users can access the software simultaneously should be automated.
Furthermore, all GUI items, connections with databases, field validations, etc. can be efficiently tested by automating the manual process.
When to Automate?
Test Automation should be used by considering the following aspects of a software −
- Large and critical projects
- Projects that require testing the same areas frequently
- Requirements not changing frequently
- Accessing the application for load and performance with many virtual users
- Stable software with respect to manual testing
- Availability of time
How to Automate?
Automation is done by using a supportive computer language like VB scripting and an automated software application. There are many tools available that can be used to write automation scripts. Before mentioning the tools, let us identify the process that can be used to automate the testing process −
- Identifying areas within a software for automation
- Selection of appropriate tool for test automation
- Writing test scripts
- Development of test suits
- Execution of scripts
- Create result reports
- Identify any potential bug or performance issues
Types Of Material Testing Methods
Software Testing Tools
The following tools can be used for automation testing −
- HP Quick Test Professional
- Selenium
- IBM Rational Functional Tester
- SilkTest
- TestComplete
- Testing Anywhere
- WinRunner
- LoadRunner
- Visual Studio Test Professional
- WATIR